Today's newsletter continues to offer preharvest recommendations, including an update to degree day accumulations. August has been cooler than average and upcoming temperatures appear to be conducive to good fruit colouring if we observe cool nights and warm sunny days. If rots have been an issue in storage, don't put away the sprayer too early especially in the case of late varieties that would benefit from a preharvest fungicide. Avoid summer pruning during an outbreak of fire blight (other than removing strikes) to prevent further spread. More information is included on ReTain and Harvista harvest strategies. A survey on polar vortex impacts is included at the end of this newsletter.
Table of Contents:
- 2023 Degree Day Accumulations
- Precipitation
- Reminders about Fungicide Preharvest Intervals (PHI)
- Apple Storage/Pinpoint Scab
- Apple - Black Rot
- Apple - Flyspeck and Sooty Blotch
- Preharvest Management of Apple Storage Rots and Fungi
- Fire Blight Management
- Potato leafhopper
- Apple maggot
- Calcium Nutrition
- Nursery Budwood Sanitation
- Site Preparation
- Summer Pruning for Red Colour
- Ethrel cannot be applied to bearing fruit trees
- Delaying or Synchronizing Maturity with ReTain and Harvista
- Estimating Bin Requirements
- Reducing Bruising
- Considering Watercore
- Avoiding Internal Browning
- Consequences of Harvesting too Early
- We need data from you! Polar vortex survey.
Fruit colouring is expected to improve when several cool nights are followed by warm, sunny days. Anthocyanin is the pigment responsible for red colour in apples. The process of anthocyanin formation begins when the precursors develop at temperatures below 15°C (or 21°C in the case of McIntosh) and then they are converted to anthocyanins at temperatures around 20-25°C during sunlight hours.
Figure 1: Heating degree day accumulations for plant (above 5°C) and insect (above 10°C) development from March 1 to August 20 for the past 17 seasons. Provided by Jeff Franklin (AAFC).
- Approximately 2% less plant development heat units compared to the 5-year average, and equal to the 10-year average.
- Approximately 5% less plant development heat units compared to 2022, and 5% less compared with 2021.
- Approximately 2% less insect development heat units compared to the 5-year average, and 1% more compared to the 10-year average.
Precipitation
Jeff Franklin observes that, "The precipitation total for the growing season (April to October) is trending above the 10-year average and is equivalent to the total precipitation received in the very wet year of 2019. This has happened despite the very dry start to the season in April and May."
Figure 2: Precipitation recorded in Kentville for the 2023 season (red line) compared with the 10-year average (black line). Provided by Jeff Franklin (AAFC).
Late Season Diseases
Reminders about Fungicide Preharvest Intervals (PHI)
Table 1: Fungicide products for control of summer diseases listed from longest preharvest interval to shortest preharvest interval. Includes notes about diseases controlled and re-entry intervals (REIs).
Apple Storage/Pinpoint Scab
Pinpoint scab results from infections that occur late in the growing season. Small black dots appear as infections on the skin of the apple. In some cases, the symptoms of fruit infections do not appear until after the fruit has been placed in storage, however, the infections do occur prior to harvest.Recommendations:
- Fungicide protection maintained through to early September can help to prevent these late season scab infections and provide some protection against storage rots. Note the risk of summer diseases if spray programs are stretched to the limit. Once the 10-day interval has been reached, it is better to re-apply fungicide protection prior to rainfall or possible infection rather than after. In a warm and wet season such as this, the risk of diseases is high.
- Late season fungicide treatment is highly recommended in blocks that have leaf and/or fruit scab. Scab lesions that appear to be inactive at this time of the year can become active again in the fall under cool wet weather conditions.
- Pay special attention to the tops of tall trees that might not have had adequate fungicide coverage. Ambrosia trees in particular are very susceptible to scab and the fruit are stored for a long period of time allowing more risk of symptoms to appear.
- Folpet (Folpan/Follow) is considered a cousin to Captan and is similarly a hot product that has the potential to cause fruit russetting. Do not use Folpan close to oil sprays or products containing surfactants. Also, be wary of tank mixes with liquid nutrients that are formulated to maximize uptake.
Apple – Black Rot
The black rot fungus infects fruit during warm rains from petal fall to harvest. Captan is an effective protectant for high density orchards that have a history of black rot. However, consider Captan where practical in terms of label restrictions for re-entry intervals. Folpan has a relatively shorter REI for hand thinning. Merivon has activity but group 7 + 11 products should not be used more than 4 times each year. Fungicides would need to be applied prior to the wetting event.Apple - Flyspeck and Sooty Blotch
These summer diseases develop on the surface of the fruit in midsummer until harvest. They are caused by fungi that overwinter in dead twigs and the fungi tend to cause more infections under conditions of moderate temperature, high humidity and rainfall.Preharvest Management of Apple Storage Rots and Fungi
A well-timed preharvest chemical control can go a long way to prevent storage rots. Scab, black rot, flyspeck, sooty blotch and brooks spot are preharvest issues that infect fruit in the orchard. Fungal spores that land on unprotected fruit can germinate and symptoms show up as infections in storage. Fruit with bruises and punctures are even more susceptible to rot, especially when fruit are harvested during a wet period. Blue and gray moulds can invade only damaged fruit. Sooty blotch won’t cause decay but it does shorten fruit storage life by increasing water loss.Recommendations:
- Don't put away the sprayer too early! Late varieties benefit from a preharvest spray too. Please note that more rot has been reported in storage in 2021 and 2022 than in prior years and may be related to changes in the Captan use pattern. Growers who stopped their fungicide program early saw early symptoms of diseases in storage.
- The group 7 & 11 products Pristine and Merivon can be applied up to 5 days before harvest. They are labelled for the control of scab, black rot, flyspeck, and sooty blotch. The short PHI and good activity are especially helpful for protecting apples being placed in long-term storage.
- Monitor precipitation during harvest, especially for late-season varieties. Cumulative rainfall of 25-50 mm washes off fungicide protection. The risk of fungicides being washed off is minimized if applied as close to harvest as possible.
- Of course, avoid bruising or wounding to prevent infections of blue and gray moulds. Take the time to educate staff on the proper way to handle fruit.
Fire Blight Management
Fire blight disease is very prevalent this year. Whether it is because late bloom sprays were not applied, there were carryover infections from last year, it was too wet for timely management, hail damage went unnoticed, or the risk was underestimated.
Recommendations:
- Summer pruning other than for the purposes of removing fire blight strikes should be avoided during an outbreak of the disease to prevent further spread.
- Monitor nursery trees and young trees to quickly remove trees with infections. Deer are spreading infections where they graze on young tissue.
- Do not break off branches with fire blight infections as you navigate the orchard. Research shows that the bacteria becomes systemic in the tree because branches are not adequately removed. There are then a high number of new infections and significantly more canker tissue and cankers on structural wood.
- Prune out fire blight infections on young trees in the current year as soon as you notice infections - don't wait for winter. Trees 8 years old and younger are at the greatest risk of rootstock blight.
- Remove fire blight strikes at least 2-4 ft below active infections to remove the leading edge of the bacteria. The younger the tree, the deeper the cut. Being aggressive at the first sign of symptoms will help prevent the re-occurrence of symptoms and the need for continuous cutting back. Repeat tree inspections at least weekly.
- Cut out infections when a period of 2 dry days are in the forecast. Leave prunings in orchard laneways to let dry thoroughly for several weeks. If cutting a whole tree consider letting it dry while attached to the trellis. Don’t make piles that will prevent the wood from drying.
- Do not cut root suckers during an outbreak because the wounds are susceptible to infection. Instead, remove suckers during the dormant season.
Insects
Insect management programs should be based on grower monitoring and/or scouting reports.
- Potato leafhopper
- The potato leafhopper feeds on the young leaves of terminal shoots leading to yellowing at leaf edges, and cupping that will eventually turn brown. Adults are pale yellow-green and walk sideways whereas the white apple leafhopper is white and moves forward and back.
- Potato leafhoppers can transmit fire blight. Their presence in young plantings and nurseries is concerning, especially in areas of active fire blight infections.
- Apple Maggot
- Table 2 provides a list of insecticide products for apple maggot control with their respective preharvest and re-entry intervals.
- Even if your orchard has already been inspected for apple maggot, do not stop spraying prematurely as flies will continue laying into September.
- Clean maggot traps 7 to 10 days after treating a block for maggot and monitor for new trap captures. Re-treat if new maggot flies are caught. Flies emerge over a period of time so for satisfactory maggot control, monitor the presence of apple maggot flies to inform treatment programs. Remember, a single female can lay hundreds of eggs.
- Significant rainfall will wash off insecticide residues that are needed to ward off apple maggot flies. Re-treatment is required after 10-14 days or cumulative rainfall of 12.5-25 mm (0.5-1 inch). Danitol and products registered for suppression are expected to have a relatively shorter field residual life of 7-10 days.
- Apple maggot flies are weak flyers so a border/perimeter spray of Imidan near known hotspots may be an approach to help kill adult flies from the source. (Being cognizant of PHI and REI).
- Apple maggots pupate in the soil and may not emerge until up to four years later. Therefore, several years of diligent management are required to reduce the resident insect population.
- Remember, apple maggot is a neighbourhood problem and last year had higher than normal fruit damage.
Table 2: Insecticide products for control of apple maggot listed from longest preharvest interval to shortest preharvest interval. Includes re-entry intervals (REIs) and additional information.
Figure 3: An apple maggot larva feeding on Honeycrisp. A single female fly can lay hundreds of eggs so do not stop treatment prematurely.
Horticulture
Calcium Nutrition
- This year the wet weather is encouraging plenty of vegetative growth. The leaves compete with the fruit for calcium so the lush growth may dilute the calcium in fruit. Therefore, calcium applications are highly recommended this year.
- The recommended rate is 4 to 14 pounds of elemental calcium per acre in a season spread over six to eight cover sprays.
- Low rates will not cause leaf burn but will likely lead to only minor control of bitter pit and likely will not enhance storage life of the fruit.
- High rates may lead to some leaf burn, give good control of bitter pit, and may also enhance storage life of the fruit. High rates are recommended for Honeycrisp.
- Calcium applied at two-week intervals is better than occasional, high-rate applications.
- For help calculating the amount of elemental calcium you are applying in each spray, visit Penn State Extension to download a calcium rate calculator. The percentage of elemental calcium will be listed on the label of your product of choice. Check formulated calcium products because they may not contain as much calcium as you expect.
- Ca has very low movement within the tree and needs to be applied directly to the fruit surface to be absorbed. Therefore, thorough coverage is important to cover developing fruit.
- Calcium chloride flake (77% Ca) is the most economical Ca material to use but also the highest risk for foliar burn. Calcium chloride flake is safe when applied at 4.5 kg per 1000 L of spray solution. The risk of leaf or fruit damage from calcium is highest in hot weather. Susceptible varieties can develop lenticel spotting if damaged.
- Calcium chloride flake can be rough on equipment. Use a pressure washer to clean equipment. Consider spraying your spray equipment with superior oil before beginning and the calcium will wash off more easily.
- Calcium chloride is a worthwhile management strategy for bitter pit, even if it has to be applied alone. Waiting for a tank mix partner may mean that ideal application timings are missed.
- Note that nutrient product formulations with calcium may contain boron that would interact poorly with water soluble packaging.
Nursery Budwood Sanitation
- Find a source of budwood that does not have a history of fire blight strikes. Trees that have shown signs of fire blight strikes or that are situated near fire blight infections should be eliminated as a source of budwood. Cut budwood fresh every morning if possible.
- Occasionally sanitize all tools used for budwood collection, storage, and budding by washing in detergent and water and disinfecting with sodium hypochlorite bleach. During bud wood collection and budding, frequently spray hand tools with fresh sodium hypochlorite bleach solution.
- The general recommendation is one part bleach to ten parts of water.
- If bleach is too tough on tools, Lysol and Pinesol at one part product to ten parts of water are good alternatives.
- Do NOT use rubbing alcohol because even at 70% to 99% it allows bacteria to survive (California Agriculture 1991).
Site Preparation
- Getting ready to plant trees in the spring of 2024? This season is a good time to incorporate limestone, nutrient additions, rip, level the surface, lay out the rows, or plant an overwintering cover crop to hold the soil.
- The Limestone Trucking Assistance Program is accepting applications until September 30, 2023. The application and guidelines are available online here or contact your local Agricultural Office for assistance.
Harvest Fruit Quality
Summer Pruning for Red Colour
Vigorous shoot growth in orchards could present a fruit shading problem. Summer pruning could be used to expose the fruit to more sunlight to improve fruit colour. Also, summer pruning controls vigour so it could divert more calcium to fruit. The practice might help reduce the risk of bitter pit.Recommendations:
- Summer pruning should involve making the pruning cuts to one- and two-year old wood. Remove vigorous shoots in the entire canopy but especially at the top.
- Leave the weaker side laterals to supply the fruit with carbohydrates. If you over prune you could end up reducing fruit size.
- Avoid leaving short stubs as they will produce two or more shoots next spring.
- Fire blight is very prevalent this year so leave fire blight infected blocks for last so that terminal buds are set. Sanitize tools between blocks and work in dry weather. Avoid summer pruning altogether in a fire blight outbreak.
Ethrel cannot be applied to bearing fruit trees
The registration of the product Ethrel has changed. Ethrel cannot be applied to bearing fruit trees so it cannot be used for hastening fruit maturity for early markets.Delaying or Synchronizing Maturity with ReTain and Harvista
Highlights and Recommendations
- As even more new plantings come into bearing, consider the advantages of harvest management tools to help slow fruit maturity as you manage labour resources.
- Both ReTain and Harvista can help reduce the incidence of watercore and internal browning by delaying maturity.
- The economic return for these products is expected to be greatest with good crop loads, high-value varieties, and good fruit quality.
- Local research by the AAFC Plant Physiology Program evaluated one rate and one timing for Harvista and ReTain on Honeycrisp and Ambrosia. They concluded that the products impact maturity at harvest and that fruit quality was better after long term storage (by some metrics but not all). The full report was shared by NSFGA.
- Consider testing ReTain or Harvista on a small block and talk to others who have experience using them. Do not give up after one attempt with these products, especially if last year was your first test. Last year was an anomaly with conditions that did not support colour development. Also experiment with different rates, timings, and varieties.
- These products are not expected to prevent the structural stem damage that is associated with windfalls from high winds.
ReTain
ReTain’s active ingredient (aviglycine hydrochloride) inhibits the production of ethylene in plant tissues, delaying fruit maturity. Potential benefits of ReTain include harvest management to delay the maturity in blocks of a single variety, improved fruit size (as fruit hangs longer on the tree), maintenance of firmness, and reduced greasiness and cracking. ReTain can also offer additional benefits including improved storage quality. However, Retain can also slow red colour development. Delays to fruit colour development can be minimized by lowering the rate of application or by delaying the harvest period.Recommendations:
- Note that the amount of ethylene produced differs by apple variety and so the variety’s response to ReTain will also differ. McIntosh is a high ethylene-producing variety and the full rate is often needed 3 weeks before harvest to slow its maturity. Sensitive varieties like Gala, Jonagold and Honeycrisp produce low ethylene and are more sensitive and thus greatly delayed by full rates of ReTain. For Honeycrisp, local success is achieved with the half rate at 14 or 7 days prior to harvest.
- ReTain applied 3-4 weeks before harvest will delay the harvest period up to 7 to 10 days.
- The effectiveness of ReTain is dose-dependent and time-dependent. Later applications and smaller doses have less effect on maturity and colour development.
- For a multi-pick harvest, ReTain applied 7 to 14 days prior to the anticipated start of the 1st harvest can improve the quality and storage potential of 2nd and later picked apples. First picks will not be affected but later picks will be delayed. Note the PHI of 7 days.
- Xiameter surfactant is recommended at a concentration of 0.05 to 0.1% (v/v) in the spray tank. To prevent possible spotting on fruit, use the 0.05% (v/v) concentration.
- ReTain is not a systemic product. Good coverage of both fruit and leaves is important to response.
- On the label, there is a caution stating that the fruit on heat- and water-stressed trees may not respond to the product.
Harvista
Harvista (1-methylcyclopropene) is another product for preharvest management. The mode of action is different from Retain because Harvista blocks ethylene action in fruit, even after ethylene has been produced by fruit. Therefore, Harvista can act quickly to slow maturity whereas ReTain requires a timely application to fruit before ethylene production escalates.Recommendations:
- Harvista can be applied 3 to 21 days before the anticipated harvest and at a higher rate for fruit that are more advanced in maturity and producing plenty of ethylene.
- Harvista will delay the harvest period up to 7 to 14 days.
- Typically the product will reduce the number of harvest picks because it helps to synchronize the maturation rate.
- Lower rates are recommended for biocoloured apple varieties to allow colour development to progress. It can delay red colour development on Gala and Ambrosia so apply after colour has developed at close to 3 days before harvest. It also reduces stem splits on Gala.
- A customized sprayer system is required for Harvista applications.
- A calibration video is available on the AgroFresh YouTube page.
- The Harvista Calibration Tool is available on Google Play and the Apple Store.
Estimating Bin Requirements
Large apples fill bins a lot quicker than small apples. If fruit in a block are a relatively uniform size, then a little math can help you estimate bin requirements. The crop volume is determined by the number of trees, number of fruit, and fruit size.
To approximate the number of bins required:
- Calculate the number of apples per acre (# trees per acre x avg # apples per tree)
- Refer to table 4 for the # of apples per 17 bu bin of a selected average count size
- Bins/acre = # of apples per acre / # apples per bin for selected count size
Table 3: Number of apples of a selected count size to fill a 17 bu bin.
Example 1: 125 count size
- 1000 trees per acre x 60 apples/tree = 60,000 apples/acre
- There are 2125 apples per bin of 125 count size.
- Bins/acre = 60,000 apples per acre/2125 apples per bin = 28.2 bins/acre
Example 2: 113 count size
- 1000 trees per acre x 60 apples/tree = 60,000 apples/acre
- There are 1921 apples per bin of 113 count size.
- Bins/acre = 60,000 apples per acre/1921 apples per bin = 31.2 bins
Recommendations:
- Now is a great time to consider your bin inventory, repair bins, and ensure bins are well-washed.
Reducing Bruising
Recommendations:
- Apples picked after significant rain will bruise more easily than if they’re picked when the soil has a lower moisture capacity. This information might be helpful for varieties especially sensitive to bruising.
- Let fruit warm up before harvesting. Apples picked in the cool weather of early morning bruise more easily than those picked in the day’s warmth. Generally, susceptibility to bruising decreases gradually from 0 to 15°C.
- Take the time to educate staff about the proper way to perform harvest activities that reduce bruising. For example, pick the bottom of the tree first, don’t overfill the picking bag, avoid long harnesses that let the bag bump against knees when walking, explain the difference between varieties etc.
- Re-grade orchard roads prior to harvest to lessen bumps that would jostle fruit being transported in bins.
- Have an inspector sample fruit from various positions in the bin two times each week and leave at room temperature for 24 hours to check for signs of bruise development.
- If bins of fruit will sit in the orchard during overnight freezing temperatures, place the bins where they will be shaded from direct morning sun. Direct sun will warm the fruit too quickly and can lead to deep and lasting bruises.
Considering Watercore
Watercore is a fruit disorder closely associated with over-mature apples along with several other factors. It happens most frequently in years with high sunshine and lack of cloudy, rainy days. Also, highly coloured and large fruit are most prone to the disorder. Fruit with the disorder have an appearance of water-soaked flesh because the spaces between the cells become concentrated with sugars instead of air. Small signs of watercore can disappear in storage and add sweetness to fruit. However, more serious watercore can reduce gas exchange in the fruit and lead to internal breakdown.Recommendations:
- Mature fruit are more likely to develop the disorder because as fruit mature the starches are converted to sugars. The sugar solution builds up in the fruit. Blocks that have a history of watercore should be harvested before other blocks.
- Consider products to delay harvest maturity. Both ReTain and Harvista labels state delayed onset and incidence of watercore.
Avoiding Internal Browning
Internal browning is likely related to carbon dioxide injury. The disorder frequently occurs in overmature and large fruit that have high carbon dioxide concentrations. In particular, fruit harvested late in the harvest window are most susceptible because as fruit mature their ability to diffuse internal carbon dioxide concentrations decreases. The internal carbon dioxide builds up and increases the chance of injury. Consider using products that delay harvest maturity.Consequences of Harvesting too Early
While trying to avoid overmature fruit, avoid the other extreme as well – immature fruit. Picking fruit too early has penalties. Fruit continue to grow as they mature so a 1/4 inch increase in size from 2 3/8 to 2 5/8 can translate into a 35% increase in fruit volume. It takes just as long to pick one large (88 count) apple as it does to pick one small apple (160 count). But it will take half as long to make up a bushel of large apples than small. So picking cost and time required are less for larger fruit. Picking too early can also sacrifice fruit colour and reduce pack out. Immature fruit bruises easily and is subject to scald, shriveling in storage, and poor flavour.Events and Notices
We need data from you! Polar vortex survey.
In February 2023 we experienced an extreme cold event that has caused damage to many crops and income loss to many producers here in Nova Scotia.
Horticulture Nova Scotia in working together with the NS Department of Agriculture in assessing and providing program support for impacted producers. The details of exactly what the program of support will be are yet to be determined. Right now what we need is data.
Could you please take a few minutes to answer this 3 question data collection form.
After you submit, you will be asked to verify your email. This is an authentication process and must occur in order for your results to be submitted. It is to keep everything secure. I have outlined this inside the questionnaire, but please know this information will be kept private and will be used to establish averages for each of the different crops that have been impacted. Your name is require so that it can be verify that information has been collected from all Nova Scotia producers.
Patricia Bishop
Polar Vortex Outreach Coordinator
Horticulture Nova Scotia
Pest Management Guides 2023
All changes new to 2023 are made in red text directly on the guides. The information on all expected changes was summarized in a blog post on March 7.Decision Tables
- Download the 2023 Petal Fall Insecticide Decision Table
- Download the 2023 Prebloom Insecticide Decision Table
- Download the 2023 Fungicide Decision Table
Guides
- Download the 2023 Pome Fruit Management Guide
- Download the 2023 Organic Apple Management Guide
- Download the 2023 Stone Fruit Management Guide
- Download the 2023 Thinners and Growth Regulators Guide
- Download the 2023 Tree Fruit Weed Management Guide
This Orchard Outlook has been published with the input of the Orchard Outlook Committee including this week's participants: Larry Lutz, Joan Hebb, Bob Prange, Danny Davison, Kari Brown, Jeff Franklin, and Suzanne Blatt.
Perennia Food and Agriculture Corp.
Edited by Michelle Cortens, Tree Fruit Specialist
